Types of Clause

1- Independent Clause

It expresses a complete idea and is the sentence itself in its simple form.It remains meaningful even if its sub
ordinate clause were removed from the sentence.
Example:
He saw her.
Free speech has a price,
Ali go to school.

2-Subordinate or Dependent Clause

A subordinate or dependent clause does not express a complete thought and therefore is not a sentence.Those clauses can not stand alone.It is equivalent to noun,adjective or verb.
Example:
When it is raining.
because you were late.
before you go to bed.

Types of subordinate Clause

1-Noun Clause:
A dependent clause functions as a noun in a sentence is called Noun Clause.
Examples:
What he did made a problem for his family
in the above sentence clause What he did function as a noun clause.Hence it is a noun clause.
Whatever you plan will help you in future.(As a subject)
What you said made me laugh.(As a subject)
He knows that he will pass the test.(As a object)

2-Relative Clause/Adjective Clause
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and function as an adjective or
A dependent clause works like adjective in a sentence.
The function of an adjective is to modify a noun or pronoun.Similarly a adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
He wears a shirt which looks nice.
I met the boy who had helped me.
The book which i like is helpful in preparation for test.
Adjective clause begins with relative pronoun.(that,who,whom,which or,whose) thats why it is called relative clause.

3-Adverbial or Adverb Clause
Many subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions.for examples "because" , "unless" , "if" , "when"  and "although".What these conjunctions have in common is that they make the clauses that follow them unable to stand alone.The clauses act as adverbs,answering questions like how,when,where,why to what extent,and under what conditions.
Example:
"When Mauna Loa began erupting and spewing lava into the air,
  we drove away as quickly as we could"
In the preceding sentence,when is subordinating conjunction introducing the adverbial clause.
The subject f the clause is "Mauna Loa" and predicate is "began erupting and spewing lava into the air". This clause is dependent because it is an incomplete thought.What happened when the volcano began erupting?The independent clause "we drove away qucikly as we could"
The adverbial clause answers the question "When did we drive?"